history of tunisia

Farther south there is a series of chott (or shaṭṭ; salty lake) depressions. QUICK ADD. Tunisia is bounded by Algeria to the west and southwest, by Libya to the southeast, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and north. Travel Destinations. In time the Carthaginians built an empire in the Mediterranean. Kenneth Perkins' book traces the history of Tunisia from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The climate of the country, similar to the topography, is greatly varied. Omissions? Occupying the eastern portion of the great bulge of North Africa, Tunisia is bounded on The next bey, Muḥammad (1855–59), tried to ignore Europe, but this was no longer possible. Farther south, streams are intermittent and largely localized in the form of wadis, which are subject to seasonal flooding and terminate inland in chotts. Amounts are also highly irregular from one year to another, and irregularity increases southward toward the desert. Africa Destinations. Muslim Andalusians migrated to the area after having been forced out of Spain during the Reconquista, particularly following the defeat of the Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492. Large plains border the eastern coasts; south of Sousse lies Al-Sāḥil (Sahel) and south of Gabès is Al-Jifārah (Gefara) Plain. The most notable immigration was that of the Spanish Moors (Muslims), which began after the fall of Sevilla (Seville), Spain, as a result of the Reconquista in 1248 and which turned into a veritable exodus in the early 17th century. Ancient Origins articles related to Tunisia in the sections of history, archaeology, human origins, unexplained, artifacts, ancient places and myths and legends. Carthage Must Be Destroyed:â¦ by Richard Miles. Aḥmad abolished slavery and took other modernizing steps intended to bring Tunisia more in line with Europe, but he also exposed his country to Europe’s infinitely greater economic and political power. With the help of Western advisers (mainly French), he created a modern army and navy and related industries. $5 - $10; $10 - $25; $25 - $50; Over $50; Formats. Yet, Tunisia proved to be as vulnerable economically as it was militarily. Tunisia’s security was directly threatened in 1835, when the Ottoman Empire deposed the ruling dynasty in Libya and reestablished direct Ottoman rule. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Tunis itself was located near the site of the ancient city-state of Carthage. It was the Phoenicians that first founded Tunisiaâs most famous city of Carthage, which would eventually rival Rome as the most dominant city on the Mediterranean Sea. Then from about 1100 BC the Phoeniciansfrom what is now Lebanon settled and traded in the area. Explore. Tunisie, officially Republic of Tunisia, republic (2015 est. Saved from en.wikipedia.org. When the principal minister, Muṣṭafā Khaznadār (who had served from the earliest days of Aḥmad Bey’s reign), attempted to squeeze more taxes out of the hard-pressed peasants, the countryside rose in a revolt (1864). pop. Tunisia’s culture is highly diverse, in part because of long periods of Ottoman and then French rule but also because populations of Jews and Christians have lived among a Muslim majority for centuries. Roman Africa, for example, was the most intensively Christianized portion of North Africa, and Ifrīqiyyah was later more quickly and more thoroughly Islamicized. The final blow to Tunisia’s sovereignty came at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, when Britain acquiesced to France’s control of Tunisia. By the sixth and fifth centuries B.C., the great city-state of Carthage (derived from the Phoenician name for ânew cityâ) dominated much of the western Mediterranean. This great ethnic diversity is still seen in the variety of Tunisian family names. The app cover whole Tunisia history from Mesolithic era to Parliamentary system. The Tunisian Dorsale, or High Tell, a southwest-northeast–trending mountain range that is an extension of the Saharan Atlas (Atlas Saharien) of Algeria, tapers off in the direction of the Sharīk (Cape Bon) Peninsula in the northeast, south of the Gulf of Tunis. Its coastline on the Mediterranean Sea made it the subject of many empires throughout history. Tunisia is bounded by Algeria to the west and southwest, by Libya to the southeast, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and north. Updates? History. By about 8,000 BC human beings lived in what is now Tunisia by hunting and gathering. One name looms above all in Tunisia's history: Carthage. The first Punic War between Carthage anâ¦ Tunisia became a French protectorate in 1881 and remained under French rule until March 1956 when it gained independence, followed by the promulgation of a new constitution on 1 June 1959. Author of. It can be argued that Tunisiaâs location is strategic because â¦ Saved by Emperor Reynard IV. These have elevations ranging from about 600 to 1,500 feet (180 to 460 metres) and are crossed by secondary ranges trending north-south. Kenneth Perkins's new edition of A History of Modern Tunisia carries the history of this country from 2004 to the present, with particular emphasis on the Tunisian revolution of 2011 - the first critical event of â¦ This is a whole app is very easy to use. After initially examining the years of French colonial rule from 1881 to 1956, when the Tunisians achieved independence, he describes the subsequent process of state-building, including the design of political and economic structures and the promotion of a social and cultural agenda. Soils. As a result, some 200,000 Spanish Muslims settled in the area of Tunis, in the Majardah valley, and on the Sharīk Peninsula in the north, bringing with them their urban culture and more advanced agricultural and irrigation techniques. Thereafter, the vulnerable beylik of Tunis found itself surrounded by two larger powers—France and the Ottoman Empire—both of which had designs on Tunisia. Category:History of Tunisia | Military Wiki | Fandom. This valley was once the granary of ancient Rome and has remained to this day the richest grain-producing region of Tunisia. Brief History of Tunisia: Tunisia is the northern point of Africa. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. Paperback; NOOK Book; Hardcover; Tunisia - History. Register Military. This uprising almost overthrew the regime, but the government ultimately suppressed it through a combination of guile and brutality. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. A Brief History of Tunisia Muslim Conquest. Tunisia’s accessible Mediterranean Sea coastline and strategic location have attracted conquerors and visitors throughout the ages, and its ready access to the Sahara has brought its people into contact with the inhabitants of the African interior. In the 7th century Arab conquerors converted the native Berber (Amazigh) population of North Africa to Islam. Tunisia is briefly taken in 1534 by the most famous corsair of them all, Khair ed-Din (known to the Europeans as Barbarossa). During the 1990s the government sponsored the construction of a number of dams to control flooding, preserve runoff, and recharge the water table. The scheme, however, had no chance of success and was soon abandoned. Tunisia. About 480 BC the Phoenicians founded Carthage. Although the story is certainly apocryphal, Carthage nonetheless grew into one of the great cities and preeminent powers of antiquity, and its colonies and entrepôts were scattered throughout the western Mediterranean region. Founded by the Arabs in the year 670, Kairouan in Arabic means âmilitary campâ. For a more detailed treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see North Africa. The Glory Days of Carthage. Tunisia's geographical location has meant that many different peoples have entered and dominated the country. On the political level the successful conclusion of the Tunisia Campaign left one Allied problem unsolved: factionalism among the French. List View List. The history of early Tunisia and its indigenous inhabitants, the Berbers, is obscure prior to the founding of Carthage by seafaring Phoenicians from Tyre (in present-day Lebanon) in the 9th century BC .A great mercantile state developed at Carthage (near modern-day Tunis), which proceeded to dominate the western Mediterranean world. Search This wiki This wiki All wikis | Sign In Don't have an account? Kairouan. Though sympathetic to the need for reforms, Muḥammad was too weak either to control his own government or to keep the European powers at bay. Ichkeul National Park, in the northernmost part of the country, was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980. Continued civil disturbances and corruption prompted the British and French to force the bey to issue the Fundamental Pact (ʿAhd al-Amān; September 1857), a civil rights charter modeled on the Ottoman rescript of 1839. Between the limestone peaks of the central Tunisian Dorsale and the mountains of the Northern Tell—which include the sandstone ridges of the Kroumirie Mountains in the northwest that reach elevations of 3,000 feet (900 metres)—and the Mogods, a mountain range running along the deeply indented coastline to the north, lies the Majardah (Medjerda) River valley, formed by a series of ancient lake basins covered with alluvium. Carthage fought a series of wars with its rival, Rome. This warmth, joined with the country’s renowned hospitality and cuisine, has contributed greatly to Tunisia’s growing popularity as a destination for tourists from throughout Europe and the Americas. Conscription was also introduced, to the great dismay of the peasantry. We'll give it a try. This agreement, known as the Convention of Al-Marsa, was signed in 1883 and solidified French control over Tunisia. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central Tunisia then were ancestors of today's Berber tribes. 1 - 20 of 46 results. Though Tunisia went bankrupt in 1869 and an international financial commission—with British, French, and Italian representatives—was imposed on the country, there was one last attempt to reform Tunisia from within and thus avoid complete European domination. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? From north to south, the cork oak forest of the Kroumirie Mountains, with its fern undergrowth sheltering wild boars, gives way to scrub and steppes covered with esparto grass and populated with small game and to the desert, where hunting is forbidden so as to preserve the remaining gazelles. Beach at Al-Marsā, on the Gulf of Tunis, northeastern Tunisia. The following discussion offers a brief summary of Tunisia’s early history but mainly focuses on Tunisia since about 1800. Temperatures at Sousse average 44 °F (7 °C) in January and 89 °F (32 °C) in August. After achieving independence in 1956, Tunisia pursued a progressive social agenda and sought to modernize its economy under two long-serving presidents, Habib Bourguiba and Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali. Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, University of Tunis. Independence for Tunisia. Tunisia is one of the â¦ Generally, from mid-autumn to mid-spring, when three-fourths of the annual total occurs, northern Tunisia receives more than 16 inches of rainfall, and the steppe region receives from 4 to 16 inches (100 to 400 mm). But before reaching this square of pure blue sky, it received, from a multitude of windows, all the smoke, the smells, and the gossip of our neighbours. In the dry south, moreover, they are often also saline because of excessive evaporation. The Romans ruled and settled in North Africa until the 5th century, when the Roman Empire fell and... From Arab Center to French Protectorate. Saharan influences give rise to the sirocco, a seasonal hot, blasting wind from the south that can have a serious drying effect on vegetation. However they came into conflict with Rome. By the beginning of the 19th century, virtually all of its inhabitants spoke Arabic. 11,274,000), 63,378 sq mi (164,150 sq km), NW Africa. The humid coastal plain in the east, running between the Gulf of Hammamet and the Gulf of Gabes, where Tunisia’s thriving olive plantations are found, is the most agriculturally productive of these coarse-textured soil areas. Throughout its recorded history, the physical features and environment of the land of Tunisia have remained fairly constant, although during ancient times more abundant forests grew in the north, and earlier in prehistory the Sahara to the south was not an arid desert. That name, in turn, comes from the Roman word for Africa and the name also given by the Romans to their first African colony following the Punic Wars against the Carthaginians in 264–146 bce. Drainage. More easily controlled from within than any other Maghrib country, Tunisia was also more open to the influence of people and ideas from abroad. Carthage was a Phoenician city-state on the coast of North Africa (the site of modern-day Tunis) which, prior the conflict with Rome known as the Punic Wars (264-146 BCE), was the largest, most affluent, and powerful political entity in the Mediterranean.The city was originally known as Kart-hadasht (new city) to distinguish it from the older Phoenician city of Utica nearby. Independence under the Neo-Destour Party (1956–2011), Factional tension, compromise, and a new constitution, Dissatisfaction with the political establishment and the election of Kais Saied. Tunisia. Comparable temperatures at Kairouan are 40 °F (4 °C) in January and 99 °F (37 °C) in August. Tunisia was called Ifrīqiyyah in the early centuries of the Islamic period. To the south of the Tunisian Dorsale lies a hilly region known as the Haute Steppe (High Steppes) in the west and the Basse Steppe (Low Steppes) in the east. Recovered for Spain in 1535, Tunisia is finally brought under Ottoman control in 1574. In the country’s most southerly regions, within the Sahara, even these seasonal streams are rare. Tunisia’s geographic and historical legacy helped prepare it for the shocks it received in the 19th century as a land caught between an expanding Europe and a declining Ottoman Empire. On the pretext that Tunisians had encroached on Algerian territory, France invaded Tunisia in 1881 and imposed the Treaty of Bardo, which sanctioned French military occupation of Tunisia, transferred to France the bey’s authority over finance and foreign relations, and provided for the appointment of a French resident minister as intermediary in all matters of common interest. Dec 15, 2015 - Lamine Bey, first king and last bey of Tunisia. However, enemies from within and European intrigues from without conspired to force him from office. This status was achieved, for example, under the ʿAbbāsids in the 9th century and later under the Ottomans. Tunisia is characterized by moderate relief. From that time until the establishment of the French protectorate in 1881, Tunisian rulers had to placate the larger powers while working to strengthen the state from within. . According to Greek legend, Dido, a princess of Tyre, was the first outsider to settle among the native tribes of what is now Tunisia when she founded the city of Carthage in the 9th century bce. Harvests vary as a result, being poor in dry years. More acceptable were Aḥmad’s steps to integrate Arabic-speaking native Tunisians fully into the government, which had long been dominated by mamlūks (military slaves) and Turks. The temperatures are mild along the coast. It is important as a winter sanctuary for such birds as the greylag goose, coot, and wigeon. This changes southward to semiarid conditions on the steppes and to desert in the far south. Relief. Slowly this city became stronger. Book Description. (For a discussion of political changes in Tunisia in 2011, see Jasmine Revolution.). The area was ruled by a succession of Islamic dynasties and empires until coming under French colonial rule in the late 19th century. This provoked an uprising in southern Tunisia during which France attacked and captured Sousse in July 1881, took Kairouan in October, and seized Gafsa and Gabès in November. Aside from these and from the plains of the Haute Steppe region, where some clay soils of medium fertility may be found, soils in the rest of the country tend to be rocky or sandy. Dec 15, 2015 - Lamine Bey, first king and last bey of Tunisia. Farming methods reached the Nile Valley from the Fertile Crescent region about 5000 BC, and spread to the Maghreb by about 4000 BC. The major drainage feature of the north is the Majardah River, the country’s only perennially flowing stream, which cuts the Majardah valley before emptying into the Gulf of Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage. This book examines the history of Tunisia from the mid-nineteenth century to the present with an emphasis on political, social, economic and cultural developments. The population of Tunisia is essentially Arab Berber. The variation in climate leads to the great diversity of ecoregions in Tunisia. Tunisia - History 3; Refine by. After the death of Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq, his successor, ʿAlī, was forced to introduce administrative, judicial, and financial reforms that the French government considered useful. Piracy remains the chief purpose and main source of income of all these Turkish settlements along the Barbary coast. Africa’s highest temperature, about 131 °F (55 °C), was recorded in Kebili, a town in central Tunisia. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.

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